Gonzalo Rodriguez-Pereyra presents an original study of the place and role of the Identity of Indiscernibles in Leibniz's philosophy. The Principle of the Identity of Indiscernibles rules out numerically distinct but perfectly similar things; Leibniz derived it from more basic principles and used it to establish important philosophical theses. Rodriguez-Pereyra aims to establish what Leibniz meant by the Principle of Identity of Indiscernibles, what his arguments for and from it were, and to assess those arguments and Leibniz's claims (...) about the Principle of Identity of Indiscernibles. He argues that Leibniz had a very strong version of the principle, according to which no possibilia are intrinsically perfectly similar, where this excludes things that differ in magnitude alone. The book discusses Leibniz's arguments for the Identity of Indiscernibles in the Meditation on the Principle of the Individual, the Discourse on Metaphysics, Notationes Generales, Primary Truths, the letter to Casati of 1689, the correspondence with Clarke, as well as the use of the Identity of Indiscernibles in Leibniz's arguments against the Cartesian conception of the material world, atoms, absolute space and time, the Lockean conception of the mind as a tabula rasa, and freedom of indifference. Rodriguez-Pereyra argues that the Identity of Indiscernibles was a central but inessential principle of Leibniz's philosophy. (shrink)

Nosso objetivo, no presente artigo, é propor uma articulação entre a teoria da individuação de Gilbert Simondon e a teoria da investigação de John Dewey. Em relação à primeira, serão enfatizados os aspectos “biológico” e “psíquico” de individuação; quanto à segunda, ressaltaremos seus principais elementos naturalistas e epistemológicos, assim como os conceitos mais gerais de “experiência” e de “natureza” de Dewey. Defenderemos que o processo de individuação tem estreita relação com a capacidade, possuída por todo indivíduo vivo, de solucionar problemas (...) ou situações de conflito resultantes de sua constante interação com o ambiente. Proporemos, mais precisamente, uma conexão teórica entre o princípio ou conceito de individuação e a ideia de que existe no organismo vivente uma aptidão investigativa que não apenas restaura seu equilíbrio “metaestável”, como também, e ao mesmo tempo, lhe proporciona sempre uma nova individualidade, tanto biológica como psíquica. Esperamos obter, como resultado deste processo de síntese envolvendo as ideias de Simondon e de Dewey, uma compreensão ampliada das respectivas teorias da individuação e da investigação. (shrink)

The Magic of Truth defends truth’s relativity by examining its role in the arts and sciences, as well as in our own lives and traditions. This book argues that no field of study can progress without calling into question the traditional view of truth as a clear, objective image.

This paper explores the ‘indigenous’ philosophy of education of Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas, a Malay-Muslim scholar who’s theoretical work culminated in the establishment of a counter-colonial higher education institution. Through presenting al-Attas’ life and philosophy and by exploring the arguments of his critics, I aim to shed light on the challenges and paradoxes faced by indigenous academics working at the interface of philosophy and education.

RESUMOAs muitas definições de tecnociência são oferecidas como corretivas para um ideal de ciência pura, completamente separada da sociedade. A crítica da pureza nos estudos de ciência e de tecnologia foi precedida por críticas fenomenológicas em Heidegger e em Marcuse. A ideia de pureza não é mais crível. No entanto, o conceito de ciência pura tem desempenhado historicamente um papel na defesa da ciência contra interferências políticas. O conceito de tecnociência corre o risco de abrir a ciência a essa interferência (...) e tem provocado uma defesa renovada e, de certa forma, fútil da sua pureza. O consenso nos Estudos de Ciência e Tecnologia (ECT) de que a ciência é fundamentalmente social parece tornar óbvia a necessidade de um termo como tecnociência. Este artigo sugere uma definição restritiva de tecnociência com base na multiplicação de testes independentes de validade. Esse é um caso extremo da sociabilidade da ciência, porque aqui a ciência e a tecnologia emergem juntas, em vez de a teoria preceder a aplicação. A tecnociência sob essa definição descreveria o trabalho científico, validado cientificamente, que serve simultaneamente em processos comerciais e públicos que têm sua própria lógica e seus testes de validade independentes. De acordo com essa definição, a existência de interações complexas entre ciência e sociedade não obscurece as fronteiras entre esses testes. A tecnociência está inserida na sociedade, como toda ciência, mas é única ao se situar em um “garfo” [ataque duplo no xadrez] entre linguagens e critérios de sucesso distintos. Palavras-chave: Tecnociência. Estudos de Ciência e Tecnologia. Heidegger. Marcuse. Ciência/Sociedade. (shrink)

RESUMO A fim de nos aproximarmos da singular constelação conceitual que nos permite falar de uma noção de imagem artística na estética adorniana - ainda que na margem do seu pensamento e muito menos manifesta do que na escrita de Walter Benjamin - partimos da conexão entre os conceitos de “aparência” e “expressão”, remetendo-nos à própria materialidade das obras de arte, da literatura à música, para uma maior nitidez teórico-crítica. O intuito de ressaltar a importância do conceito de imagem artística (...) em Theodor W. Adorno visa tanto atualizar alguns pontos opacos de sua estética quanto conectar seu pensamento com o debate acerca da imagem na estética contemporânea, sobretudo em Jacques Rancière e Didi-Huberman. ABSTRACT In order to approach the remarkable conceptual constellation that permits us to develop a notion of artistic image in Adorno's aesthetics - although not outstanding in the author's thought, and even less evident than in Walter Benjamin's writings - we depart from the connection between the concepts of “appearance” and “expression”, referring to the material quality of works of art in themselves, from literature to music, for broader theoretical and critical clearness. The intent of highlighting the importance of the concept of artistic image within Theodor W. Adorno's ideas, aims to both update some opaque points within the author's aesthetics and to connect his thought with the debate about the image in contemporary aesthetic theories, mostly in the works of Jacques Rancière and Didi-Hubermann. (shrink)

Neste artigo, apresento a maneira como o filósofo francês Gilles Deleuze aproxima algumas formulações de Michel Foucault das de Friedrich Nietzsche. Procuro evidenciar como essa aproximação cumpre o papel bastante preciso de criticar o niilismo. Assim, o objetivo deste artigo é apresentar, através dessa aproximação, a leitura deleuziana de Nietzsche e de Foucault e mostrar como ela é uma estratégia do filósofo para questionar a estrutura negativa da dialética e do niilismo a que ela está ligada. A fim de realizar (...) o escopo deste artigo, a análise empreendida aqui se concentrou no livro Nietzsche e a filosofia e no artigo “Sobre a morte do homem e o super-homem”. A leitura conjunta desses dois textos de Deleuze permitiu evidenciar que, para ele, o niilismo é o motor da História e que as diferentes formas do niilismo podem ser conectadas a diferentes formações históricas. Além disso, foi possível indicar os elementos que Deleuze evoca para a superar o niilismo a partir de uma afirmação ética. (shrink)

BackgroundConsidering ethical issues in midwifery care is essential for improving the quality of health services and the client's satisfaction. This study aimed to develop and validate the code of ethics for Midwives in Iran (ICEM).Materials and methodsThis was a mixed sequential study that was performed in three phases including a qualitative study, a review, and the content validity assessment. The first phase was a qualitative study with a content analysis approach. The data were collected by conducting in-depth semi-structured individual interviews (...) with 14 midwifery and ethics experts. The purposive sampling method was used to recruit the participants and sampling continued until data saturation. The data were analyzed using the conventional content analysis described by Graneheim and Lundman. Lincoln and Guba’s criteria were used to confirm the trustworthiness of the data. Then, a narrative review of the selected national and international codes of ethics for Midwives was performed to complete the items of the ICEM. For validity assessment, the face and content validity of the items of ICEM was assessed by 15 experts to calculate the content validity ratio (CVR) and index (CVI).ResultsFourteen experts were interviewed in the qualitative phase, and 207 codes were extracted from a content analysis which were categorized into 23 sub-categories and 6 main categories. The extracted codes were considered as the items for ICEM that were completed by a review of the selected national and international code of ethics for Midwives. The content validity and ratio assessment of the items demonstrated an average CVI = 0.92 and CVR = 0.85. Then, the final version of ICEM was developed with 92 items in 6 domains about; 1) "professional Commitments" with 30 items; 2) "providing midwifery services to the client and her companions” with 26 items; 3) “relationship with colleagues" with 11 items; 4) “herself” with 6 items; 5) “education and research” with 8 items; and, 6) “management” with 11 items.ConclusionICEM was prepared with 92 items in six sections that facilitate its use for midwives who are working in the different fields of care, counseling, education, research, and management. In this new version of the ICEM, the items related to recent social-, scientific, and technical improvements were considered for providing ethical midwifery care. (shrink)

Can the theory and practice of the yogic tradition serve as a challenge to dominant cultural and political norms in the Western world? In this essay I demonstrate that modern yoga is a creature of fabrication, while arguing that yogic norms can simultaneously reinforce and challenge the norms of contemporary Western neoliberal societies. In its current and most common iteration in the West, yoga practice does stand in danger of reinforcing neoliberal constructions of selfhood. However, yoga does contain ample resources (...) for challenging neoliberal subjectivity, but this requires reading the yogic tradition in a particular way, to emphasize certain philosophical elements over others, while directing its practice toward an inward-oriented detachment from material outcomes and desires. Contemporary claims about yoga’s counterhegemonic status often rely on exaggerated notions of its former “purity” and “authenticity,” which belie its invented and retrospectively reconstructed nature. Rather than engaging in these debates about authenticity, scholars and practitioners may productively turn their energies toward enacting a resistant, anti-neoliberal practice of yoga, while remaining self-conscious about the particularity and partiality of the interpretive position on which such a practice is founded. (shrink)

This article aims to present a conceptual proposition based on the writings of the Italian philosopher Giorgio Agamben. One of the central notions in his political philosophy is that of Homo Sacer, used as a paradigmatic figure to criticise the violence of law. From this, in this article, I propose a game with this notion, through the syntagma Homo Profanum. This game refers to the role that the concept of profanation plays in Agambenian ethical thought. Through this conceptual proposition, I (...) show how Agamben criticises tradition and the way it conceives the notion of subject. In addition, I also show how, through the concepts of potency and use, the Italian philosopher offers notes to open the ethical horizon of modernity. Thus, I characterise the figure I call Homo Profanum from the way the Italian philosopher conceives the notions of ungovernable, use and life-form, which, orbiting around the concept of potentiality, form a conceptual constellation from which Agamben makes notes to think his ethics of profanation. (shrink)

This article teases out Ella Sykes’ responses to the differences she encounters in the contact zone in Persia in her much-neglected travel narrative Through Persia on a Side-Saddle. The authors argue that Ella Sykes’ position/self-positioning in relation to difference is shaped by various, and at times opposing, factors, which contribute to the ambivalent nature of her representations of Persia and its people in her travel narrative. The paper proposes that even though Through Persia seems to be moulded by and moulds (...) hegemonic Orientalist perspectives, it has its own specificities, as Ella Sykes’ representations of difference are also informed by implications of English gender ideology. It further shows how Ella Sykes’ representations of the differences she encounters in Persia offer her an empowering medium through which she can indulge in self-criticism and self-assertion. (shrink)

O presente artigo tem como objetivo fazer um diálogo entre os direitos humanos à democracia e à internet, dando ênfase ao surgimento da democracia digital, como forma de participação política dos cidadãos. Assim, parte-se do seguinte questionamento: é possível haver participação política dos cidadãos através da relação entre democracia e internet? Tem-se como hipótese que a internet se trata de uma ferramenta capaz de viabilizar a participação política dos cidadãos. Para averiguá-la, são utilizadas as técnicas de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, (...) bem como um estudo realizado pela rede Technology for Transparency da organização não governamental denominada Global Voices. (shrink)

Este artigo propõe mostrar como a arqueologia agambeniana se realiza por meio de um movimento duplo que, a um só tempo, exibe a tradição a partir de um paradigma excepcional. É possível pensar aqui em um jogo de palavras, já que, habitualmente, a palavra paradigma é usada como sinônimo de modelo e, nesse sentido, a exceção foi o que modelou aquilo que a tradição transmitiu e, igualmente, recalcou. No entanto, com seu gesto característico, Agamben remete a palavra paradigma ao seu (...) sentido etimológico, como “aquilo que se mostra ao lado”, e confere a ela um sentido estratégico na sua arqueologia. Como o exemplo, o paradigma exibe o funcionamento e o pertencimento de algo sem que pertença a isso que é exibido, mostrando-se ao lado, subtraindo o seu pertencimento a uma regra. Isso que ele exibe é a estrutura excepcional da tradição, remetendo também a palavra exceção ao seu sentido etimológico, “capturada fora”. Esse sentido, que define a exceção enquanto tal, é usado para caracterizar a maneira como a tradição operou pressupondo uma origem. Essa pressuposição de uma dimensão originária, anterior a toda suposição, destinou como um fundamento subjacente, o sub iectum, isto é, o problema do sujeito. (shrink)

Downsizing due to COVID-19 and its consequences on laid-off employees has attracted the attention of many researchers, around the globe. However, the underlying mechanisms that explain the effects of COVID-19 downsizing on the employees who have survived cutoffs remain underexplored. Grounded in the conservation of resources theory, this manuscript aims to study the causal path through which COV-DS reduces the survivors’ affective commitment. The current study proposes the mediation of survivors’ job uncertainty, stress, and organizational identification between COV-DS and survivors’ (...) affective commitment. This study also posits the moderating role of transformational leadership between COV-DS and both the mediators. The extant study has employed WARPED partial least square WARP PLS 7 and Hayes Process Macro to test the hypothesized relationships. Using the sample of 274 employees from the private sector of Pakistan, it was found that job uncertainty’s stress strongly mediates the relationship between COV-DS and survivors’ affective commitment. While mediation of survivors’ organizational identification was not proven to be significant. However, with the moderation of transformational leadership, both the mediators were proven to be significant. (shrink)

This article aims to reconstruct the way by which Leibniz presents in some of his texts an a posteriori proof of God’s existence. To this end, we intend to demonstrate the centrality of the Principle of Sufficient Reason applied to the contingency of the passage to the existence of a given world. Once demonstrated the existence of God by these ways, and still taking into account the Principle of Sufficient Reason - now applied to the existence of this world in (...) particular -, we will discuss the theory of possible worlds and Leibniz’s thesis according to which the Actual World is the most perfect possible. (shrink)

In most domains of human life, we are willing to accept that there are experts with greater knowledge and competencies that distinguish them from non-experts or laypeople. Despite this fact, the very recognition of expertise curiously becomes more controversial in the case of “moral experts”. Do moral experts exist? And, if they indeed do, are there ethical reasons for us to follow their advice? Likewise, can emerging technological developments broaden our very concept of moral expertise? In this article, we begin (...) by arguing that the objections that have tried to deny the existence (and convenience) of moral expertise are unsatisfactory. After that, we show that people have ethical reasons to ask for a piece of moral advice in daily life situations. Then, we argue that some Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems can play an increasing role in human morality by becoming moral experts. Some AI-based moral assistants can qualify as artificial moral experts and we would have good ethical reasons to use them. (shrink)

Resumo: Assim como o neokantismo, a fenomenologia e a filosofia analítica, também a epistemologia histórica francesa teve sua emergência no contexto da crise das ciências, na virada para o século XX. Por seus desdobramentos particulares, as obras de Gaston Bachelard e de Georges Canguilhem romperam, cada uma a seu modo, respectivamente com o neokantismo representado por Brunschvicg e por Alain. Neste artigo, propõe-se retirar algumas consequências epistemológicas, éticas e políticas dessas duas rupturas, analisando brevemente as particularidades de cada um dos (...) dois casos.: As well as neo-Kantianism, phenomenology and analytical philosophy, French historical epistemology also had its emergence in the context of the crisis of the sciences at the turn of the 20th century. Due to their own developments, the works of Gaston Bachelard and Georges Canguilhem broke, each in its path, respectively with the neo-Kantianism represented by Brunschvicg and by Alain. In this article, we propose to draw some epistemological, ethical, and political consequences of these two ruptures, briefly analyzing the particularities of each of the two cases. (shrink)

El daño ambiental ha despertado el interés de la doctrina en Colombia, aunque aún no se aborda con rigor y profundidad. La razón, entre otras, es la omisión de los avances que ha dado el derecho comparado, donde la concepción del rol de las instituciones jurídicas va hasta una comprensión integral del daño a partir de la alteración funcional de los sistemas. Existe hoy cierto consenso respecto al deber ser del régimen de responsabilidad aplicable a esta noción integral del daño (...) ambiental, capaz de hacer frente a los componentes del medio natural y a todos los que lo conforman. El libro busca aportar al estudio del daño ambiental desde los avances antes descritos en la materia. (shrink)

Las trayectorias del arte caribeño, luego de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, experimentan profundas transformaciones en sus prácticas creativas y modos de comprensión cultural. Las complejas realidades sociales y políticas en las islas del Caribe hispano condujeron a un punto de giro en los procesos regionales, una transformación del campo del arte y replanteamientos de los discursos periféricos desde las manifestaciones, los temas de interés y el rol del artista en la sociedad. La fotografía, y especialmente aquella procedente de espacios periféricos (...) en las lógicas internacionales del arte, aportaron los iconos más contestatarios del momento. Los símbolos culturales de una nueva voz, que responde a un pensamiento emancipatorio y descolonizador, se expresan en la construcción de un discurso visual de paradigmas éticos y libertarios. Los lenguajes más renovadores de la época apelan a una base fotográfica de trasfondo por la relación entre la inmediatez y la pregnancia de la imagen, o la inherente reproductibilidad que propicia una función comunicativa más efectiva. (shrink)

This paper investigates the philosophical tensions between secular-liberalism and Islam, and reviews Islamic conceptualisations of knowledge, personhood and education, in order to conceptualise shakhsiyah Islamiyah as an authentic and credible form of personal agency within an Islamic worldview. It begins by examining the liberal critique of Islamic education and explores notions of authority and autonomy in Islamic educational theory. It proposes that these tensions exist to varying degrees in all educational practice. Some theoretical work to develop an Islamic understanding of (...) personal autonomy as selfhood is presented and translated into a concept of shakhsiyah Islamiyah. Finally, the possibility of understanding shakhsiyah Islamiyah as a dialogical Muslim-self is explored. (shrink)

O presente trabalho consiste na análise do enunciado “experiências sensatas e demonstrações necessárias”, que Galileu utiliza em seus argumentos em favor da autonomia da ciência na “Carta a Castelli”. Nosso propósito é explicar o enunciado “experiências sensatas e demonstrações necessárias” como sendo o critério de conhecimento dos fatos da realidade física que Galileu estava propondo com seu conceito de “ciência”. Explicaremos os procedimentos particulares que definiriam os itens “experiências sensatas” e “demonstrações necessárias” do critério de Galileu. Por um lado, as (...) experiências sensatas estariam baseadas na interpretação matemática dos efeitos derivados de causas rigorosamente observadas. Por outro lado, as demonstrações necessárias seriam baseadas no procedimento do “regresso demonstrativo” (regressus demonstrativus). Através de sua forma lógica, o regressus estabelece um tipo de demonstração utilizada especialmente nas explicações dos fatos físicos, oferecendo, desse modo, uma descrição verdadeira da realidade. Dessa forma, uma vez que o regressus fosse aplicado aos efeitos interpretados matematicamente, teríamos uma descrição verdadeira da realidade. Em uma postura filosófica, Galileu estava propondo uma física baseada na matemática que descrevesse verdadeiramente, e não instrumentalmente, a realidade. (shrink)

If there’s a riddle scholarship has not yet cracked, it is what Clarice Lispector—arguably Brazil’s most notorious writer—meant when she dedicated the entire Chinese nation to a single egg. Lispector’s infatuation with China, by way of the Daodejing, the I-Ching, and the work of philosophers such as Lin Yutang has also not yet been suff iciently explored. Following Lispector’s own evocative—rather than overly analytical—writing style, this article posits that her fascination with Chinese philosophy and mysticism is deeply rooted in a (...) distrust toward mundane and forward-looking notions of success, opting instead for embracing failure as a counterintuitive, “proregressive” politics of resistance—or, as Lin Yuntang would put it: “the Chinese are cynics and poets only when they have failed.” Drawing from the little-explored Chinese inf luences in her writings, this article sheds light on the Daoist roots of Clarice Lispector’s worldview and the role failure plays in her oeuvre. (shrink)

Gorgias’ On Not-Being survives only in two divergent summaries. Diels–Kranz's classic edition prints the better-preserved version that appears in Sextus’ Aduersus Mathematicos. Yet, in recent years there has been rising interest in a second summary that survives as part of the anonymous De Melisso, Xenophane, Gorgia. The text of MXG is more difficult; it contains substantial lacunae that often make it much harder to make grammatical let alone philosophical sense of. As Alexander Mourelatos reports, one manuscript has a scribal note (...) that reads: "The original contains many errors; no one should blame me; I just copy what I see.". The treatise's state of preservation has aptly prompted Michael Gagarin to liken it to a black hole: "something we cannot see directly but know must exist because of certain effects it has on other objects.". (shrink)

El objetivo de este artículo es realizar una historización del sistema sanitario de Neuquén, concretamente atendiendo a los programas de salud aplicados en esta provincia desde su surgimiento hasta el año 2020. En este marco, en primer lugar, me enfocaré en los lineamientos políticos que definieron las bases ideológicas de las políticas públicas llevadas a cabo en la atención sanitaria neuquina, y, en segundo lugar, examinaré las variables estadísticas publicadas por el sistema de salud provincial referidas a las condiciones materiales (...) de atención médica de la población en general, y de las mujeres indígenas mapuce en particular. Para efectuar dicho abordaje, analizaré específicamente la localidad de Las Coloradas. -/- . (shrink)

In this essay, the authors analyze the COVID-19 pandemic from the perspective of inequalities and socio-economic vulnerabilities. We argue that the current pandemic has been looked at mainly through the lens of biology, leaving sociological blind spots in the response to this pandemic that have had adverse effects. We conclude with the suggestion that apart from recommendations from health sciences, policy makers must also take into account local societal structures in order to design effective policies to control the contagion.

Aunque la problemática de los daños ambientales ha atraído el interés sustancial de profesionales y académicos de diversas disciplinas, los motivos que impulsan esas prácticas han recibido poca atención en la literatura jurídica colombiana. Especialmente desde la perspectiva de la responsabilidad. Este capítulo presenta unas reflexiones preliminares de la responsabilidad por daños ambientales, para introducir el estudio de diversos temas, hacia una construcción doctrinal enmarcada no sólo en el deber de evitar el progresivo deterioro ambiental causado por el hombre, sino (...) para salvaguardar las especies vivas que habitan y habitarán este planeta, así como el legado que le quedará a las generaciones venideras. (shrink)

The goal of this piece is to put some pressure on Brian O’Shaughnessy’s claim that perceptual experiences are necessarily mental processes. The author targets two motivations behind the development of that view. First, O’Shaughnessy resorts to pure conceptual analysis to argue that perceptual experiences are processes. The author argues that this line of reasoning is inconclusive. Secondly, he repeatedly invokes a thought experiment concerning the total freeze of a subject’s experiential life. Even if this case is coherent, however, it does (...) not show that perceptual experiences are processes. (shrink)

Ibn Khaldūn, 1332-1406; criticism and interpretation; Arab civilization; islamic civilization; intellectuals and intellectual life.

Die Frage des Krieges müsse mit Ernst und nicht mit „blindem Ungefähr“ behandelt werden. Sonst werde.

Die Frage des Krieges müsse mit Ernst und nicht mit „blindem Ungefähr“ behandelt werden. Sonst werde.

This study has assessed the psychometric proprieties of the Mental Toughness Inventory within the context of Brazilian sports. About 12 professionals participated in the process of adapting and translating the scale to Brazilian Portuguese. Subjects were 575 athletes who answered the MTI and the 10-item Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale. Data were analyzed through confirmatory factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability, average variance extracted, Spearman correlation, and model invariance tests. Results from CFA showed adequate fit for the original 8-item structure of the (...) scale [Chi-square = 27.041; p = 0.078; normalized chi-square = 1.50; comparative fit index = 0.988; Tucker–Lewis Index = 0.981; root mean square error of approximation = 0.03 [0.00–0.05]; standardized root mean residual = 0.030] assessing mental toughness as a single factor and the scale presented satisfactory internal consistency. MT was correlated with resilience, age, and time of experience in the sport. The MTI has also shown partial measurement invariance for sex and complete invariance across sport types. It was concluded that the MTI is a suitable tool for assessing MT in the present sample of Brazilian athletes; this instrument has potential practical application for researchers and sports psychologists who seek to develop the well-being and performance of athletes. (shrink)